Tor

Home » Documentation » Onion Services

Tor: Onion Service Protocol

---

Tor makes it possible for users to hide their locations while offering various kinds of services, such as web publishing or an instant messaging server. Using Tor "rendezvous points," other Tor users can connect to these onion services, formerly known as hidden services, each without knowing the other's network identity. This page describes the technical details of how this rendezvous protocol works. For a more direct how-to, see our configuring onion services page.

An onion service needs to advertise its existence in the Tor network before clients will be able to contact it. Therefore, the service randomly picks some relays, builds circuits to them, and asks them to act as introduction points by telling them its public key. Note that in the following figures the green links are circuits rather than direct connections. By using a full Tor circuit, it's hard for anyone to associate an introduction point with the onion server's IP address. While the introduction points and others are told the onion service's identity (public key), we don't want them to learn about the onion server's location (IP address).

Step two: the onion service assembles an onion service descriptor, containing its public key and a summary of each introduction point, and signs this descriptor with its private key. It uploads that descriptor to a distributed hash table. The descriptor will be found by clients requesting XYZ.onion where XYZ is a 16 character name derived from the service's public key. After this step, the onion service is set up.

Although it might seem impractical to use an automatically-generated service name, it serves an important goal: Everyone – including the introduction points, the distributed hash table directory, and of course the clients – can verify that they are talking to the right onion service. See also Zooko's conjecture that out of Decentralized, Secure, and Human-Meaningful, you can achieve at most two. Perhaps one day somebody will implement a Petname design for onion service names?

Step three: A client that wants to contact an onion service needs to learn about its onion address first. After that, the client can initiate connection establishment by downloading the descriptor from the distributed hash table. If there is a descriptor for XYZ.onion (the onion service could also be offline or have left long ago, or there could be a typo in the onion address), the client now knows the set of introduction points and the right public key to use. Around this time, the client also creates a circuit to another randomly picked relay and asks it to act as rendezvous point by telling it a one-time secret.

Step four: When the descriptor is present and the rendezvous point is ready, the client assembles an introduce message (encrypted to the onion service's public key) including the address of the rendezvous point and the one-time secret. The client sends this message to one of the introduction points, requesting it be delivered to the onion service. Again, communication takes place via a Tor circuit: nobody can relate sending the introduce message to the client's IP address, so the client remains anonymous.

Step five: The onion service decrypts the client's introduce message and finds the address of the rendezvous point and the one-time secret in it. The service creates a circuit to the rendezvous point and sends the one-time secret to it in a rendezvous message.

At this point it is of special importance that the onion service sticks to the same set of entry guards when creating new circuits. Otherwise an attacker could run their own relay and force an onion service to create an arbitrary number of circuits in the hope that the corrupt relay is picked as entry node and they learn the onion server's IP address via timing analysis. This attack was described by Øverlier and Syverson in their paper titled Locating Hidden Servers.

In the last step, the rendezvous point notifies the client about successful connection establishment. After that, both client and onion service can use their circuits to the rendezvous point for communicating with each other. The rendezvous point simply relays (end-to-end encrypted) messages from client to service and vice versa.

One of the reasons for not using the introduction circuit for actual communication is that no single relay should appear to be responsible for a given onion service. This is why the rendezvous point never learns about the onion service's identity.

In general, the complete connection between client and onion service consists of 6 relays: 3 of them were picked by the client with the third being the rendezvous point and the other 3 were picked by the onion service.

There are more detailed descriptions about the onion service protocol than this one. See the Tor design paper for an in-depth design description and the rendezvous specification for the message formats.